The numbers found on credit cards and bank cards have a certain amount of internal structure, and share a common numbering scheme. Credit card numbers are a special case of ISO 7812 bank card numbers.
An ISO 7812 number contains a single-digit Major Industry Identifier (MII), a six-digit Issuer Identification Number (IIN), an account number, and a single digit checksum calculated using the Luhn algorithm. The MII is considered to be part of the IIN.
The term "Issuer Identification Number" (IIN) replaces the previously used "Bank Identification Number" (BIN). See ISO 7812 for more information.
Prefixes
The card number's prefix is the sequence of digits at the beginning of the number that determine the credit card network to which the number belongs. The first 6 digits of the credit card number are known as the Issuer Identification Number (IIN). These identify the institution that issued the card to the card holder. The rest of the number is allocated by the issuer. The card number's length is its number of digits.
Cards participating in the IIN system include:
In the United States, IINs are also used in NCPDP pharmacy claims to identify processors, and are printed on all pharmacy insurance cards. IINs are the primary routing mechanism for realtime claims. Each processor has one or more IINs, which it divides into plans by using Group Number and Processor Control Number fields.
Online merchants may use IIN lookups to help validate transactions. For example, if the credit card's IIN indicates a bank in one country, while the customer's billing address is in another, the transaction may call for extra scrutiny.
The prefixes and lengths for the most common card types are:
| Card Type | Prefix(es) | Active | Length | Validation | Symbol for coverage chart |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Express | 34, 37[1] | Yes | 15[2] | Luhn algorithm | AmEx |
| Bankcard[3] | 5610, 560221-560225 | No | 16 | Luhn algorithm | BC |
| China UnionPay | 622 (622126-622925) | Yes | 16-19 | unknown | CUP |
| Diners Club Carte Blanche | 300-305 | Yes | 14 | Luhn algorithm | DC-CB |
| Diners Club enRoute | 2014, 2149 | No | 15 | no validation | DC-eR |
| Diners Club International[4] | 36 | Yes | 14 | Luhn algorithm | DC-Int |
| Diners Club US & Canada[5] | 55 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm | DC-UC |
| Discover Card[6] | 601100-601109, 601120-601149, 601174-601174, 601177-601179, 601186-601199, 352800-358999, 622126-622925, 644000-644999, 650000-659999 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm | Disc |
| JCB[6] | 35 (3528-3589) | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm | JCB |
| JCB (obsolete)[citation needed] | 1800,2131 | No | 15 | Luhn algorithm | JCB |
| Laser (debit card)[citation needed] | 6304, 6706, 6771, 6709 | Yes | 16-19 | Luhn algorithm / unknown? | Lasr |
| Maestro (debit card) | 5020,5038,6304,6759,6761 | Yes | 16,18 | Luhn algorithm | Maes |
| MasterCard | 51-55 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm | MC |
| Solo (debit card) | 6334, 6767 | Yes | 16,18,19 | Luhn algorithm | Solo |
| Switch (debit card) | 4903,4905,4911,4936,564182,633110,6333,6759 | Yes | 16,18,19 | Luhn algorithm | Swch |
| Visa | 4[1] | Yes | 13,16[7] | Luhn algorithm | Visa |
| Visa Electron | 417500,4917,4913,4508,4844 | Yes | 16 | Luhn algorithm | Visa |
On November 8, 2004, MasterCard and Diner's Club formed an alliance. Cards issued in Canada and the USA start with 54 or 55 and are treated as MasterCards worldwide. International cards use the 36 prefix and are treated as MasterCards in Canada and the US, but are treated as Diner's Club cards elsewhere. Diner's Club International's website makes no reference to old 38 prefix numbers, and they can be presumed reissued under the 55 or 36 IIN prefix.
Effective October 1, 2006, Discover will now be using the entire 65 prefix, not just 650. Also, similar to the MasterCard/Diner's agreement, China Union Pay cards are now treated as Discover cards and accepted on the Discover network.
A search on VISA's website results in many references to card numbers being 16 digits long. However, searching for references to 13-digit cards will turn up no results. It might be presumed that 13-digit cards no longer exist and have been reissued as 16-digit cards. However old accounts may still use these numbers.
Switch was rebranded as Maestro in mid 2007. Maestro is now VISA Electron's main competitor in the European debit card market.
Solo can be used outside of Britain if the card displays Maestro.
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